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　　Have you ever heard of unmanned farms? 【1】

隨著我國初步工業(yè)化目標達成，城市化水平高達65.6%，更多人進入工商業(yè)謀發(fā)展。由此帶來農業(yè)勞動力成本呈數10倍提高，傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)業(yè)態(tài)受到前所未有之挑戰(zhàn)。大量珍貴的土地被撂荒，小農生產難以為繼；為了端牢中國人自己的飯碗，近些年來我國探索家庭農場模式，找到到了初步答案：適度規(guī)模化經營（家庭農場）+無人農場。前者筆者已有論述，本文聚焦無人農場，與關注此話題者共饗。

With the achievement of China's initial industrialization goal, the urbanization level is as high as 65.6%, and more people enter the industry and commerce for development. As a result, the agricultural labor cost was increased by 10 times, and the traditional agricultural business forms were faced with unprecedented challenges. A large number of precious land was abandoned, making small-scale production unsustainable. In order to secure the Chinese jobs, China has explored the family farm model and found a preliminary answer: moderatescale operation (family farm) + unmanned farm. The former author has discussed, this paper focuses on unmanned farm, and focus about this topic.

1、無人農場是現代農業(yè)的標志，是未來智慧農業(yè)的發(fā)展方向。為我國農業(yè)轉型升級，提升國際市場競爭力提供了一條有效的路徑。無人農場具有耕種管收生產環(huán)節(jié)全覆蓋，機庫田間轉移作業(yè)全自動、自動避障異況停車保安全、作物生產過程實時全監(jiān)控、智能決策精準作業(yè)全無人等五大特點，能把作業(yè)人員從繁重的駕駛操作中解放出來，大大提高作業(yè)效率，其發(fā)展優(yōu)勢表現在：

1. Unmanned farm is the symbol of modern agriculture and the development direction of smart agriculture in the future. It provides an effective way for China's agricultural transformation and upgrading and enhance the competitiveness of the international market. No farm with full coverage of farming tube production link, hangar field transfer operation automatic, automatic obstacle avoidance different condition parking safety, crop production process real-time monitoring, intelligent decision-making accurate operation all unmanned five characteristics, can liberate the workers from heavydriving operation, greatly improve the operation efficiency, its development advantages in:

1.1、生產效率高、質量高
通過機器換人，傳統(tǒng)勞動力變?yōu)榱烁叨戎悄芑臋C器人，無人農場管理系統(tǒng)摒棄了傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)純經驗式的耕作模式，使農業(yè)勞動力要素徹底改觀。特別是農業(yè)機器人具有不知疲倦、反應快速、精準作業(yè)的先天性優(yōu)勢，支持標準化生產的特點。適合進行高強度的具有工業(yè)化特點的農業(yè)生產。

1.1 High production efficiency and high quality Through the replacement of machines, the traditional labor force has changed into a highly intelligent robot, and the unmanned farm management system has abandoned the traditional agricultural pure empirical farming mode, completely changing the elements of agricultural labor force. In particular, agricultural robots have the congenital advantages of tireless, rapid response and accurate operation, and support the characteristics of standardized production. Suitable for high-intensity agricultural production withindustrial characteristics.
低強度、重復勞動要求為機器人讓路。機器人是無人農場勞作的主體，人不再從事農業(yè)，或者直接從事農業(yè)生產管理的時間大大縮短，只需發(fā)現和糾正存在的問題，工作強度大大降低。另一方面，農業(yè)機器人效率高、質量高，還能有效避免化肥、農藥等化學物品對人體的危害。

requirement makes way for the robot. Robots are the main body of unmanned farm work. People are no longer engaged in agriculture, or directly engaged in agricultural production and management time is greatly shortened, which only needs to find and correct the existing problems, and the work intensity is greatly reduced. On the other hand, agricultural robots have high efficiency and high quality, and can also effectively avoid the harm of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals to the human body.
1.2、作物抗風險能力高
農業(yè)高風險、低利潤的產業(yè)特性較為突出。而無人農場利用信息技術可以更好地調控農作物生長環(huán)境，使其更好地滿足作物生長需求，從而提高農作物的產量和品質，有利于實現農作物的高產穩(wěn)產，抗風險能力的提高有助于更好地吸引社會資本進入。這種高科技的智能種田模式改變了當地農民僅憑個人經驗、看天種田的傳統(tǒng)農耕方式，同時可以精準制訂生產計劃、預防自然災害和病蟲災害。

1.2. High crop risk resistance, high agricultural risk and low profit industry characteristics are more prominent. Unmanned farms can use information technology to better regulate the growth environment of crops, so that they can better meet the growth needs of crops, so as to improve the yield and quality of crops, which is conducive to achieving high and stable yield of crops, and the improvement of risk resistance ability is conducive to better attract social capital. This high-tech intelligent farming model has changed the traditional farming method of local farmers onlyrelying on their personal experience and farming, and can accurately formulate production plans and prevent natural disasters and disease and insect disasters.
1.3、“慧種田”替代“會種田”
無人農場的自動化機械將促進高分辨率精準農業(yè)的發(fā)展，不同的農田、甚至可能是某一株作物都能得到區(qū)別對待，同時優(yōu)化農田耕種投入并有可能將成本大大降低。如通過無人機紅外線遙感監(jiān)測可以快速診斷出病蟲害；通過物聯網技術，可以提高食品的可追溯性，促進食品安全。

1.3 The automatic machinery of "intelligent farming" instead of "intelligent farming" unmanned farm will promote the development of high-resolution precision agriculture, different farmland, and perhaps even a certain crop can be treated differently, while the optimization of farmland cultivation input and may greatly reduce the cost. For example, diseases and diseases can be diagnosed quickly. Through Internet of Things technology, food traceability and food safety can be improved.
建設無人農場是緩解農村勞動力短缺、推進現代農業(yè)建設的一個重要途徑。近年來，國家出臺多項農業(yè)相關政策及規(guī)劃，支持無人農場的技術研發(fā)、推廣應用，全面提升無人化數字技術在農產品生產的應用水平，不斷加快推進農業(yè)現代化。2020年10月，中國共產黨第十九屆中央委員會第五次全體會議《中共中央關于制定國民經濟和社會發(fā)展第十四個五年規(guī)劃和二〇三五年遠景目標的建議》，提出“通過農業(yè)大數據與人工智能等技術，創(chuàng)新發(fā)展農業(yè)智能裝備，提高涉農人員運用信息與知識水平和管理決策能力，核心解決卡脖子與短板技術、農村勞力短缺、人工成本高的問題，確保農業(yè)安全自主可控?！?021年2月，中共中央國務院發(fā)布《關于全面推進鄉(xiāng)村振興加快農業(yè)農村現代化的意見》，提出“建立農業(yè)農村大數據體系，推動新一代信息技術與農業(yè)生產經營深度融合。”2021年3月，農業(yè)農村部辦公廳發(fā)布了《關于申報2021年度全國農業(yè)農村信息化示范基地的通知》，指出“重點支持示范基地發(fā)展，鼓勵示范基地率先承擔農業(yè)農村改革試點示范任務，為加快推進農業(yè)現代化奠定基礎?！?/span>

The construction of unmanned farm is an important way to alleviate the shortage of rural labor force and promote the construction of modern agriculture. In recent years, the state has issued a number of agriculture-related policies and plans to support the technology research and development, promotion and application of unmanned farms, comprehensively improve the application level of unmanned digital technology in agricultural production, and constantly accelerate agricultural modernization. In October 2020, the 19th session of the central committee of the fifthplenary meeting of the central committee of the communist party of China about the national economic and social development and 235 years vision proposal ", put forward" through agricultural big data and artificial intelligence technology, innovation and development of agricultural intelligent equipment, improve agricultural personnel using information and knowledge and management decision-making ability, core solveneck and short technology, rural labor shortage, high cost of labor, to ensure agricultural safety autonomous control."In February 2021, the CPC Central Committee and The State Council issued the Opinions on Comprehensively Promoting Rural Revitalization and Accelerating Agricultural and Rural Modernization, which proposed to" establish a big data system for agricultureand rural areas and promote the deep integration of new-generation information technology with agricultural production and operation."In March 2021, the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs issued the Notice on the Application for the 2021 National Agricultural and Rural Informatization Demonstration Base, pointing out that" focus on supporting the development of demonstration bases, encourage demonstration bases to take the lead in undertaking the pilot demonstration tasks ofagricultural and rural reform, and lay a foundation for accelerating agricultural modernization.”

“十四五”是實現農業(yè)農村現代化的關鍵時期，為發(fā)展無人農場提供了巨大的發(fā)展空間，在全力推進農業(yè)農村的現代化進程中，結合無人農場的實際應用推廣，瞄準農業(yè)農村現代化的主攻方向，提高勞動生產率、資源利用率和單位土地產出率，以實現農業(yè)勞動力的徹底解放。無人農場代表著最先進農業(yè)生產力，是未來農業(yè)的發(fā)展方向，必將引領數字農業(yè)、精準農業(yè)、智慧農業(yè)等現代農業(yè)方式的發(fā)展。

the practical application of unmanned farm, aimed at the main direction of agricultural rural modernization, improve labor productivity, resource utilization and unit land productivity, in order to realize the complete liberation of agricultural labor force. Unmanned farm represents the most advanced agricultural productivity, is the future development direction of agriculture, and will certainly lead the development of modern agricultural methods such as digital agriculture, precision agriculture and intelligent agriculture.

2、我國無人農場的發(fā)展現狀

近年來，在政府的大力支持下，中國無人農場快速發(fā)展。無人化農機應用逐漸興起，截止到2018年7月，全國21個省市開展了8種主要農產品大數據的試點，圍繞設施溫室智能化、無人化管理的需求，自主研制出了一批設施農業(yè)作物環(huán)境信息傳感器、多回路智能控制器、節(jié)水灌溉控制器、水肥一體化等技術產品，對提高我國溫室智能化、無人化管理發(fā)揮了重要作用。

2. Development status of unmanned farms in China In recent years, with the strong support of the government, unmanned farms in China have developed rapidly. Unmanned agricultural machinery application gradually rise, as of July 2018,21 provinces and cities across the country has carried out eight kinds of major agricultural data pilot, around the facilities of intelligent greenhouse, unmanned management demand, independently developed a batch of facilities agricultural crop environmental information sensor, circuit intelligent controller, watersaving irrigation controller, cucumber in integration technology products, to improve our country greenhouse intelligent, unmanned management has played an important role.-

2022年，我國農業(yè)機械化率達到了74%，進入后農業(yè)機械化新階段。農業(yè)裝備智能化水平越來越高，為無人農場發(fā)展提供了強大而完善的裝備與科技支撐。2021年，我國及時布局17個無人農場試驗研究課題，取得了大量的可復制的試驗數據。隨著數字農業(yè)試點建設項目的開展，我國農業(yè)逐漸形成耕、種、管、收全程數字化生產管理模式，應用農機自動駕駛裝備和無人化農機取得了顯著效果。

strong and perfect equipment and scientific and technological support for the development of unmanned farms. In 2021, China has laid out 17 unmanned farm experiments and research topics in time, and obtained a large number of replicable test data. With the development of digital agriculture pilot construction projects, China's agriculture has gradually formed the digital production management mode of tillage, planting, management and harvesting, and the application of automatic driving equipment and unmanned agricultural machinery has achievedremarkable results.

我國無人化農機創(chuàng)新產品方面，“東方紅”、“歐豹”無人駕駛拖拉機、“谷神”無人駕駛聯合收割機已成功應用，還實現了收割機與運糧車的自主導航無人駕駛；“豐疆”高速無人駕駛插秧機實現了水田原地掉頭對行、秧盤自動提升等功能，已在多地投入水稻插秧生產實踐。部分地區(qū)的棉花種植全部使用衛(wèi)星導航自動駕駛技術，在夜間或能見度較差的天氣作業(yè)也可做到準確對行，整個作業(yè)季每臺機具較手動駕駛平均多播種1000畝。與人工駕駛播種10行的地塊相比較，采用自動駕駛可播種11行，土地利用率可提高0.5%—2.5%，棉花精準施肥能夠節(jié)肥15%、單產增加5%左右。

high-speed unmanned rice transplanter has realized the functions of turning in place and automatic improvement of rice plate, and has been put into the production practice of rice transplanting in many places. In some areas, the cotton planting all uses satellite navigation automatic driving technology, which can be done accurately at night or in the weather with poor visibility. During the whole operation season, each machine sows 1000 mu more than that of manual driving. Compared with the plots sowing 10 lines by manual driving, 11 lines can be sown by automatic driving, the landutilization rate can be increased by 0.5% -2.5%, and cotton precision fertilization can save fertilizer by 15% and increase the yield per unit area by about 5%.
經過10多年努力奮斗，我國無人化農業(yè)裝備進入”豐產收獲期“，奠定了雄厚的基礎。但與發(fā)達國家相比較，由于起步較晚，大部分裝備技術還處于探索階段，技術成熟度和經濟性仍有許多欠缺，距離實現完全的無人化農業(yè)還需要經歷一個長期演進過程。目前，制約我國無人農場發(fā)展的短板技術有三項：

hard work, China's unmanned agricultural equipment has entered the "high harvest period", laying a solid foundation. However, compared with developed countries, due to the late start, most of the equipment technology is still in the exploratory stage, and there are still many deficiencies in technology maturity and economy, so it still needs to go through a long evolution process to achieve complete unmanned agriculture. At present, there are three weak board technologies that restrict the development of unmanned farms in China:

一是農業(yè)專用傳感器落后，我國目前自主研發(fā)農業(yè)傳感器數量不到世界的10%，且穩(wěn)定性差；

二是動植物模型與智能決策準確度低，很多情況是時序控制而不是按需決策控制；

三是缺乏智能化精準作業(yè)裝備，作業(yè)質量差。在應用推廣上，大多數項目停留在信息的簡單傳輸與顯示，展示成分大于實際效果，與農業(yè)融合深度不夠，缺乏解決農業(yè)實際問題的效果。

backward, the number of independent research and development of agricultural sensors is less than 10% of the world, and the stability is poor;

 Second, the accuracy of animal and plant model and intelligent decision is low, in many cases are timing control rather than on-demand decision control;

Third, the lack of intelligent and accurate operation equipment, poor operation quality. In terms of application and promotion, most of the projects stay in the simple transmission and display of information, the display components are greater than the actual effect,the depth of integration with agriculture is not enough, and the effect of solving practical problems in agriculture is lacking.

3、我國無人農場發(fā)展模式及展望

經過近些年的試驗研究，我國形成五大類型無人農場模式。隨著高度集成化、智能化的農業(yè)裝備加快普及，一些技術產品應用成本逐漸下降，使無人化農業(yè)技術在農業(yè)生產中應用成為可能，未來農場“機器換人”將是必然，應用領域也將逐漸擴大，如無人大田、無人果園、無人溫室、無人牧場、無人漁場等領域，田地監(jiān)控、噴灑農藥、施肥、收割等一系列農務活動都可以實現在無人的環(huán)境下精準、高效作業(yè)，從而解決水田植保、育苗嫁接、病死畜禽處理等作業(yè)環(huán)境差、勞動強度大、精準度要求高、安全風險防范難的有關問題。無人農場五大模式：

3. Development model and prospect of unmanned farms in China

After recent years of experimental research, five types of unmanned farms have been formed in China. With the accelerated popularization of highly integrated and intelligent agricultural equipment, The application cost of some technology products is gradually falling, Enabling the application of unmanned agricultural techniques in agricultural production, The future of the farm "machine replacement" will be inevitable, The application field will also gradually expand, Such as unmanned fields, unmanned orchards, unmanned greenhouses,unmanned pastures, unmanned fishing grounds and other fields, A series of agricultural activities such as field monitoring, pesticide spraying, fertilization and harvesting can achieve accurate and efficient operation in an unmanned environment, So as to solve the related problems of poor working environment, high labor intensity, high precision requirements and difficult safety risk prevention in paddy field plant protection,seedling grafting, and treatment of sick and dead livestock and poultry. Five modes of unmanned farms:

3.1.無人大田

無人大田是最早的無人農場類型。目前我國農機自動導航駕駛系統(tǒng)已經在大田種植中開始規(guī)模化推廣應用，隨著應用技術的成熟、決策模型精度的提高，未來幾年我國大田種植在裝備質量、機具種類、智能化水平上發(fā)展升級趨勢將會加快。

3.1. No one is left out in the fields

Unmanned field is the earliest type of unmanned farm. At present, China's agricultural machinery automatic navigation driving system has begun to be promoted and applied in field planting. With the maturity of application technology and the improvement of decision model accuracy, the development and upgrading trend of field planting in equipment quality, equipment type and intelligence level will be accelerated in the next few years.

3.2.無人果園

無人果園走上引進與創(chuàng)新提高相結合的路子，通過引進并創(chuàng)新了網室保護性栽培、歐洲脫毒苗木、矮砧寬行密植栽培、全程機械化管理、農業(yè)物聯網等先進技術，實現了果園標準化生產技術的集成應用與示范推廣。未來無人果園需進一步技術集成與創(chuàng)新，研發(fā)地面?zhèn)鞲衅?、高分辨率航天、航空影像多維度感知，采集數據的實時回傳，達到及時、全面了解果園生產狀況；開展果業(yè)生產、儲運、銷售數字化研究，制定各環(huán)節(jié)數字化標準，實現果業(yè)產業(yè)全鏈條數字化呈現；通過云服務、邊緣計算設備、智能作業(yè)前端裝備實現云邊端一體化的農業(yè)智能作業(yè)新模式。

3.2. Unmanned orchard

Unmanned orchard embarked on the way of combining introduction and innovation improvement, through the introduction and innovation of advanced technologies such as network room protective cultivation, European virus-free seedlings, short anvil wide line dense planting cultivation, full mechanization management, agricultural Internet of things and so on, realizing the integrated application and demonstration of orchard standardized production technology. In the future, unmanned orchards need further technology integration and innovation,develop ground sensors, high-resolution aerospace and aerial image perception, real-time transmission of data collection, so as to achieve timely and comprehensive understanding of orchard production status; conduct digital research of fruit production, storage and transportation, and sales, formulate digital standards of each link, realize the digital presentation of the whole chain of fruit industry; realize the new intelligent agricultural operation mode of cloud edge-end integration through cloud service, edge computingequipment and intelligent operation front-end equipment.

3.2無人溫室

無人溫室，是集數字化、智能化于一體的無人溫室大棚種植，是無人農場技術在設施農業(yè)應用的產物。目前我國以無土栽培、立體種植、自動化管理為特征的植物工廠研發(fā)和產品水平較為先進，已具備自主知識產權的成套技術設備，但我國設施農業(yè)機械化率不足50%。因而，在十四五期間，我國無人溫室需進一步提升設施栽培生產技術的自動化、智能化、機械化水平，從環(huán)境調控自動化、生產過程無人化、分級包裝智能化等重點方面入手，發(fā)展具有自主知識產權的設施農業(yè)機器人。

3.3、Unmanned greenhouse

Unmanned greenhouse is a collection of digital and intelligent unmanned greenhouse planting, is the product of unmanned farm technology in facility agriculture. At present, China's plant factory research and development and product level characterized by soilless cultivation, three-dimensional planting and automatic management are relatively advanced, with complete sets of technical equipment with independent intellectual property rights, but the mechanization rate of facility agriculture in China is less than 50%. Therefore, during the 14th Five-year Planperiod, China's unmanned greenhouse needs to further improve the automation, intelligence and mechanization level of facility cultivation and production technology, and develop the facility agricultural robot with independent intellectual property rights from the key aspects of environmental regulation automation, unmanned production process and intelligent hierarchical packaging.
3.4.無人牧場
無人牧場是指畜禽育種、繁育、飼養(yǎng)和疾病防疫等環(huán)節(jié)以及產后運輸、處理等全過程的無人化精細養(yǎng)殖模式。牧場無人化精細養(yǎng)殖，降低了畜禽死亡率，提升了畜、禽質量，實現了畜、禽養(yǎng)殖場的機器代人目的。無人牧場是未來牧場發(fā)展的大趨勢，未來將推進畜禽圈舍通風溫控、空氣過濾、環(huán)境感知等設備智能化改造，集成應用電子識別、精準上料、畜禽糞污處理等數字化設備，精準監(jiān)測畜禽養(yǎng)殖投入品和產出品數量，實現畜禽養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境智能監(jiān)控和精準飼喂。

3.4、Unmanned pasture

Unmanned pasture refers to the unmanned and fine breeding mode of livestock and poultry breeding, breeding, feeding and disease prevention, as well as the whole process of postpartum transportation and treatment. The unmanned and fine farming reduces the mortality rate of livestock and poultry, improves the quality of livestock and poultry, and realizes the purpose of machine generation in livestock and poultry farms. No ranch is the development trend of the future pasture, the future will promote livestock and poultry housing ventilation temperaturecontrol, air filtration, environmental perception equipment intelligent transformation, integrated application of electronic identification, accurate feeding, livestock and poultry waste treatment, such as digital equipment, accurate monitoring of livestock and poultry breeding inputs and production quantity, livestock and poultry breeding environment intelligent monitoring and accurate feeding.
3.5.無人漁場
無人漁場是運用現代信息技術，深入開發(fā)和利用漁業(yè)信息資源，全面提高漁業(yè)綜合生產力和經營管理效率的過程，是推進漁業(yè)供給側結構性改革，加速漁業(yè)轉型升級的重要手段和有效途徑。其未來發(fā)展重點，將通過構建基于物聯網的水產養(yǎng)殖生產和管理系統(tǒng)，推進水體環(huán)境實時監(jiān)控、餌料精準投喂、病害監(jiān)測預警、循環(huán)水裝備控制、網箱自動升降控制、無人機巡航等數字技術裝備普及應用。

3.5. Unmanned fishing ground

Unmanned fishing ground is a process of using modern information technology to deeply develop and utilize fishery information resources, and comprehensively improve the comprehensive productivity and operation and management efficiency. It is an important means and effective way to promote the structural reform of the supply side of fishery and accelerate the transformation and upgrading of fishery. Its future development focus will be through the construction of aquaculture production and management system based on the Internet of Things, to promote the popularization andapplication of digital technology and equipment such as real-time monitoring of water environment, accurate feeding, disease monitoring and early warning, circulating water equipment control, automatic cage lifting control, and uav cruise.